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Health Focus - December 2006

Menorrhagia

December 12th 2006 04:55
Menorrhagia :
Menorrhagia refers to an abnormally long or heavy menstrual flow, often accompanied by the passing of blood clots.

The condition, which is especially common in women in their late 30s and 40s, seldom indicates the existence of a serious disorder. However, it may result in a deficiency of the mineral iron (iron deficiency anemia).

Causes :
Menorrhagia is a common problem, often caused by a disturbance in the hormones controlling the menstrual cycle. It can also be caused by fibroid tumors in the uterus, inflammation of the pelvic region, and underactivity of the thyroid gland.


Diagnosis :
If abnormal menstrual flow continues or recurs or if there is any chance of pregnancy, a physician should be consulted. The physician may perform a number of tests to determine whether there is a serious underlying cause. Biopsy (removal of a small tissue sample for laboratory examination) of the cervix or the uterine lining may be performed to check for cancer or other abnormalities. The physician may also do a blood test to check for iron-deficiency anemia.

Treatment :
It is suggested that women who experience this disorder try to reduce their level of physical activity during menstruation and be sure to get enough iron so that they will not become anemic.

Hormones (estrogen and progesterone) may also be used to control heavy bleeding if the underlying problem is a hormonal disturbance. Hysterectomy may be necessary in severe cases that do not respond to estrogen therapy and in cases of extensive fibroid tumors.



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Meningitis

December 12th 2006 04:50
Meningitis :
Meningitis occurs when bacteria or viruses enter the spinal fluid and infect the meninges, the three layers of membrane that surround the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can prove to be fatal, although this is becoming less common because of the increased use of effective medications.

Meningitis seems to strike males more often than females and is most commonly seen in children up to the age of four years and in adults over the age of 60. Swelling of the brain, as well as epilepsy, blindness, amnesia, and deafness, can result when meningitis is not properly and promptly treated.


The three layers of meninges are the dura mater (the outermost layer), the arachnoid (the middle layer), and the pia mater (the innermost layer). The space between the inner two layers, called the subarachnoid space, is filled with clear cerebrospinal fluid, which is produced in the brain. When bacteria or viruses invade this fluid and form pus, the surrounding membranes soon become infected, resulting in meningitis.

Causes :
Meningitis is caused by an infection that enters the system through a serious head wound or through the bloodstream from a source of infection in another part of the body. The bacteria may also reach the meninges from an abscess (localized infection) of the brain itself, but this is quite rare. A deficiency in the immune system, which can be either inherited or acquired over time, may lead to a greater chance of contracting this disease as well.

Also, newborns may be at a greater risk of contracting meningitis if the mother had a genital infection, such as herpes, during the last week of pregnancy; if the membranes of the uterus ruptured prematurely; or if labor was prolonged.

Symptoms :
The symptoms of meningitis are a "bursting" headache, high fever, rising pulse rate, irregular breathing, vomiting, and sensitivity to light.

Pain extends down the neck, into the back and the lower limbs; the neck may be stiff, and it will be difficult for the patient to bend forward. As the disease progresses, the patient may suffer convulsions or may slip into a coma.

Diagnosis :
Unless increased pressure in the brain is suspected, meningitis is diagnosed with a test called a lumbar puncture, or spinal tap, in which a sample of the cerebrospinal fluid is withdrawn and examined to see if it is clear (healthy) or cloudy (pus-filled) and to identify the bacteria causing the infection. A physical examination, blood cultures, and cultures from the secretions of the respiratory tract may also be useful in determining the type of bacteria present. A viral infection is much harder to diagnose; it may not show up on any tests.

Treatment :
Because meningitis must be treated immediately, medication may be prescribed before the specific infecting agent has been identified. Once the cause has been determined, a more appropriate medication can then be administered. The patient will be admitted to the hospital, where necessary measures can be taken to reduce fever and control brain swelling.

Viral infections are much more difficult to treat. Fortunately, most cases run their course without causing serious consequences. Treatment is generally limited to hospitalization, so that supportive therapy can be administered.

Prevention :
Prevention of meningitis caused by certain strains of bacteria may be possible with some vaccines that are now available. Immunization against Hemophilus influenzae in infants has led to dramatic decreases in the incidence of meningitis caused by this organism. Research continues on vaccines against other bacterial strains.

Rifampin, an antituberculosis drug, is used for prevention of meningococcal meningitis, which is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. The drug is given orally to individuals who have been in close contact with a person who has a documented case of meningococcal meningitis. There is also a vaccine that is effective against certain strains of meningococcal meningitis.




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Meniere's Disease

December 12th 2006 04:45
Meniere's Disease :
Meniere's disease is a disease of the inner ear that affects balance and equilibrium.

Causes :
The cause of Meniere's disease is unknown, although it is thought that pressure changes in the ear may be brought on by an infection, a small hemorrhage in the ear, or an allergic response. Ménière's disease occurs most commonly in men and women aged 40 to 60.

Symptoms :
The symptoms of Meniere's disease include recurring and violent attacks of vertigo or dizziness, ringing in the ears, muffling or distortion of noises, and nausea that is sometimes accompanied by vomiting. Deafness in one or both ears may eventually develop.

Mild attacks of Meniere's disease can last from a half hour to several days before fading away naturally. They may recur regularly at intervals of weeks, months, or years.

Severe attacks of Meniere's disease may last for several weeks, requiring the person to be confined to bed. In such cases, almost any movement of the head will result in bizarre and disturbing sensations that the floor and the furniture in the room are spinning around. Severe cases may also be accompanied by anxiety attacks and migraine headaches.

Treatment :
The use of certain drugs, such as diuretics and antihistamines, may help to relieve severe and recurrent attacks. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the condition.

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Incontinence

December 12th 2006 04:41
Incontinence :
Urinary incontinence is the loss of voluntary bladder control. It occurs frequently in children and in older people.

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Hemorrhoids

December 12th 2006 04:36
Hemorrhoids :
Hemorrhoids are enlarged veins inside or just outside the anal canal, which is the opening at the end of the large intestine. As the veins swell, they can cause severe inflammation and discomfort.

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Hemorrhage

December 12th 2006 04:33
Hemorrhage :
Hemorrhage is the technical term for bleeding, often referring to substantial blood loss or uncontrollable bleeding, either externally or internally. The effects of hemorrhage depend on the part of the body that is bleeding and the total amount of blood that is lost. Hemorrhage can be a symptom of a number of serious, sometimes fatal, disorders.

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Hemophilia

December 12th 2006 04:29
Hemophilia :
Hemophilia is a sex-linked hereditary bleeding disorder in which the clotting mechanism of the blood does not function properly. Blood normally contains several factors that enable clotting to occur. These are designated coagulation factors I through XIII. In the most common form of hemophilia -- classic hemophilia, or hemophilia A -- factor VIII is deficient. In this case, factors I through VII function adequately, but the clotting process is interrupted by a lack of sufficient amounts of factor VIII. Hemophilia B is the other common form of hemophilia, although it occurs significantly less often than hemophilia A. Hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency of factor IX. Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease.

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Hemoglobin

December 12th 2006 04:26
Hemoglobin :
The role of the red blood cells is to carry oxygen through the body. The red blood cells can perform this task because of the presence of hemoglobin, the pigment that is formed when the red blood cells develop in the bone marrow.

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Hematologist

December 12th 2006 04:23
Hematologist :
Hematologists study diseases and disorders of the blood and the blood-forming tissues, such as the bone marrow and the spleen. A hematologist is proficient in a range of diagnostic techniques in which blood and bone marrow samples are used to shed light on disease processes.

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Heartbeat Irregularities

December 11th 2006 11:40
Heartbeat Irregularities :
Heartbeat irregularities (also called cardiac arrhythmias) are deviations from the normal, steady beating of the heart.

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Heart Murmur

December 11th 2006 11:05
Heart Murmur :
Heart murmurs are the extra whishing sounds -- in addition to the regular lub-dub heartbeat sounds -- that are made as blood flows through the chambers and valves of the heart. In most cases, heart murmurs are quite harmless and represent no cause for concern. In other cases, however, heart murmurs can be a symptom that first alerts a doctor to the presence of heart disease or a structural abnormality in the heart.

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Health Benefits of Seeds

December 10th 2006 08:11
Health Benefits of Seeds :
Seeds are the "eggs" that contain the nutrients needed to nourish the growth of a new plant. So their high nutrient content shouldn't come as a surprise. What's surprising is that we generally relegate these nutritional wonders to the occasional snack rather than making them staples of our diet. In this article, we will discuss how adding more seeds to your diet can stengthen your body. Eating healthier can be part of an alternative treatment against illness.

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Health Benefits of Nuts

December 10th 2006 08:05
Health Benefits of Nuts :
The nuts category encompasses some foods that aren't true nuts but have been given honorary status due to their similar nutritional qualities. These include the peanut (a type of legume), the Brazil nut, and the cashew (both technically seeds). In this article, we will review how adding nuts to your diet can help strengthen your body. Eating healthier can be part of an alternative treatment against illness.

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Health Benefits of Legumes

December 10th 2006 07:58
Health Benefits of Legumes :
You need to consume a variety of plant foods to obtain all the amino acids necessary for your body to form complete proteins. In this article, we will discuss ways to maximize your intake of legumes (dried beans and peas) as part of a healthier lifestyle and to make your body stronger. Eating healthy can be part of an alternative treatment against illnesses.

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Health Benefits of Grains

December 10th 2006 07:51
Health Benefits of Grains :
Breads, cereals, rice, and pasta have one thing in common -- they are all made from grains. Any food made from wheat, rice, oats, corn, or another cereal is a grain product. These foods should form the foundation of the diet for several reasons.

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Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables

December 10th 2006 07:42
Some fruits and vegetables are good natural sources of vitamin A, while others are rich in vitamin C, folate, and potassium. Almost all are naturally low in fat and calories, none have cholesterol, and many are great sources of fiber. Fruits and vegetables also add wonderful flavors, textures, and colors to your diet.

In this article, we will review the fruits and vegetables in a balanced diet, with an emphasis on the specific foods and eating patterns that provide the best health benefits. Let's get started by reviewing the recommended daily servings of fruits and vegetables


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Haloperidol and working

December 10th 2006 07:36
Haloperidol and working :
Haloperidol is prescribed to treat the symptoms of certain types of mental illness, such as the emotional symptoms of psychosis, the manic phase of manic-depressive illness, Tourette's syndrome, and severe behavioral problems in children. Haloperidol is thought to relieve symptoms of mental illness by blocking certain chemicals involved with nerve transmission in the brain.
Haloperidol Facts


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Gonorrhea and working

December 10th 2006 07:29
Gonorrhea and working :
Gonorrhea is one of the most frequently reported STDs. It is a highly contagious bacterial infection spread primarily through direct sexual contact.

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Glyburide and working

December 10th 2006 07:22
Glyburide and working :
Glyburide is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus that usually appears in adulthood (this type of diabetes is referred to as type 2 diabetes, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes) that cannot be managed by control of diet alone. Glyburide lowers blood sugar levels by increasing the release of insulin from the pancreas.

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Glossitis and working

December 10th 2006 07:17
Glossitis and working :
Glossitis is an acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) inflammation of the tongue. The condition may exist either as a primary disease or a symptom of another disorder.

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Glomerulonephritis and working

December 10th 2006 07:10
Glomerulonephritis and working :
Each kidney contains more than a million filtering units called nephrons, in which wastes are drawn from the blood to form urine. In each nephron is a network of capillaries (tiny blood vessels) called a glomerulus. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli (the plural of glomerulus), which interferes with the normal operation of the kidney.

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Glipizide and working

December 10th 2006 07:03
Glipizide and working :
Glipizide is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (sometimes called non-insulin-dependent, or adult-onset, diabetes) that cannot be managed by control of diet alone. Glipizide lowers blood sugar levels by increasing the release of insulin from the pancreas.

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Glimepiride and working

December 10th 2006 06:53
Glimepiride and working :
Glimepiride is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus that appears in adulthood (this type of diabetes is known as type 2 diabetes, sometimes called adult-onset or non-
insulin-dependent diabetes) and cannot be successfully managed through dietary therapy alone. Glimepiride lowers the blood sugar levels by increasing the release of insulin from the pancreas


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Glaucoma and working

December 4th 2006 14:14
Glaucoma and working :
Glaucoma is an eye disorder caused by increased pressure within the eyeball, the result of fluids that are unable to drain normally.

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Gemfibrozil and working

December 4th 2006 14:10
Gemfibrozil and working :
Gemfibrozil is used to treat hyperlipidemia (high blood fat levels) in patients who have not responded to diet, weight reduction, exercise, and control of blood sugar. It is not clear how gemfibrozil lowers blood lipid levels, but it is thought to decrease the body's production of certain fats.

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Gatifloxacin and working

December 4th 2006 14:04
Gatifloxacin and working :
Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic that is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sinusitis, and acute attacks of bronchitis. It acts by severely injuring the cell walls of infecting bacteria, preventing them from growing and multiplying. This medication kills susceptible bacteria, but it is not effective against viruses, parasites, or fungi.

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Gastroenteritis and working

December 4th 2006 05:41
Gastroenteritis and working :
Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach and the intestines.

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Gangrene and working

December 4th 2006 05:34
Gangrene and working :
Gangrene is the death of body tissue due to diminishment or loss of blood supply, leading to nutrient and oxygen deprivation. There are three major types of gangrene: moist, dry, and gas gangrene. Although gangrene usually affects the extremities of the body, it can sometimes affect the internal organs.

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Gamma globulin and working

December 2nd 2006 12:14
Gamma globulin :
Gamma globulin preparations are derived from the blood of a person or animal and contain antibodies made by that person or animal in response to invasion by harmful agents, such as bacteria and viruses.

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Gallbladder Problems and treatment

December 2nd 2006 12:00
Some 20 million Americans live with gallstones and other gallbladder disorders, but only a small percentage experience gallbladder symptoms, and even fewer have recurrent problems. No one knows what causes gallbladder disease, but it's doubtful any one culprit is to blame. Several factors, including heredity, diet, hormones, overweight, and infections, likely play a role.

The medical terms for gallbladder disease are almost unpronounceable. Cholelithiasis (ko-le-li-THY-a-sis) refers to gallstones, and cholecystitis (ko-le-sis-TY-tis) to an inflamed gallbladder


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Galantamine and working

December 1st 2006 11:41
Galantamine and working :
Galantamine is used to treat Alzheimer's disease. This medication works by preventing the breakdown of a certain chemical in the brain, called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is important in maintaining thinking and other cognitive abilities. In patients with Alzheimer's disease, there is less acetylcholine present in the brain than normal. Galantamine helps to increase the amount of this chemical in the brain. Galantamine will not cure Alzheimer's, but it may slow its progression, especially when used in the early stages of the disease.

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Gabapentin and working

December 1st 2006 11:24
Gabapentin and working :
Gabapentin is used in conjunction with other anticonvulsants for the treatment of seizure disorders. The mechanism of action of gabapentin is not related to that of any other anticonvulsant and is not well understood. Gabapentin has also been used to control certain types of pain, especially pain caused by nerve damage.

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